Notes

Matches 1 to 50 of 9216

	Notes	Linked to
1		Family: F932
2	Lived in The Glen, County Antrim, Ireland	Family: F140
3	A contract for the marriage of Lady Margaret de Stafford and Sir Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland was signed before 1370	Family: F7113
4	Alexander 'the Fierce' of Scotland, King of Scotland succeeded to the title of King Alexander I of Scotland on 8 January 1107.1 He succeeded his brother Edgar, only to that part of the kingdom north of the Firths of Forth and Clyde. He was succeeded by his brother David, until then the Earl of Huntingdon. All detailed biographical entries are extracted from: 1. 2. [S18] Dictionary of National Biography; and 3. [S23] Dictionary of New Zealand National Biography Alexander I, king of Scotland 1078?-1124, was the fourth son of Malcolm Canmore and Margaret, grandniece of Edward the Confessor, and was perhaps named after Pope Alexander II. Being too young to share in his father's campaigns, he received a careful training from his mother. After the death in 1093 of Malcolm and Margaret, Alexander, together with his brothers Edgar and David, and his sisters Matilda, afterwards wife of Henry I, and Mary, afterwards wife of Eustace, count of Boulogne, was protected by Edgar Atheling, his mother's brother, from the troubles caused in Scotland by the claim of Donald Bane, his paternal uncle, to the crown by the Celtic custom of tanistry. Through distrust of Rufus, Edgar is said to have concealed his nephews and nieces in different parts of England, and Alexander remained in that country during the reign of Donald Bane and the brief restoration of Duncan, son of Malcolm, and his Norse wife Ingebiorg. He probably returned, however, when, in 1097, his brother Edgar was placed on the throne by Edgar Atheling with the aid of Rufus. Nothing is recorded of him during the ten years (1097-1107) of his brother's peaceful reign, except that he was at Durham in 1104, when the corpse of St. Cuthbert, whose protection had been invoked when Edgar resumed the kingdom, was exhibited by the monks as a rebuke to the incredulous. On his brother's death Alexander succeeded to the old kingdom of Scotland north of the Forth and Clyde, but its newer conquests, under the name of Cumbria, which seem in this instance to have included not merely Strathclyde but a considerable part of the eastern borderland and portions of Lothian, were, by a deathbed gift of Edgar, erected into an earldom or principality in favour of David, who bore the title of Comes, and was almost an independent sovereign. Alexander opposed the division of the kingdom, but the Norman barons supported David, as they reminded him at the battle of the Standard (1138), and it had to be acquiesced in. Possibly the motive of the gift was to interpose a barrier between Scotland and England. More probably the grant of independence was intended to satisfy the inhabitants of the southern districts of modern Scotland, between whom and the northern Celtic population there was no goodwill. About the time of his accession Alexander married Sibylla, a natural daughter of Henry I, and the union of the two countries, thus cemented by a double bond of affinity, secured uninterrupted peace between them during the whole of Alexander's reign. A letter of Anselm records the fact that the archbishop's prayers were asked by Alexander for his brother's soul. Anselm, in return, counselled the king to preserve the religious habits he had acquired in youth and to protect the monks who had been sent to Scotland at Edgar's request. To the see of St. Andrews, rendered vacant by the death of Fothad, the last Celtic bishop, Alexander appointed Turgot, prior of Durham, the confessor, and perhaps the biographer, of his mother; but the consecration was delayed till 1109 through a dispute between Anselm and Thomas, archbishop of York, and then the latter prelate performed the ceremony with a salvo of the authority of Canterbury—a compromise obtained by Henry I. This appointment, made with the object of furthering reforms in the Celtic church which Queen Margaret had begun, and of introducing diocesan episcopacy on the Roman and English model, did not fulfil its promise. Probably Turgot may have shown an inclination to subject the Scottish church to York, as his successor Eadmer did to Canterbury. After several years of dispute with Alexander, Turgot's health failed, and he returned to Durham, where he died in 1115. The separation of Cumbria threw the centre of the Scottish kingdom further north, and while Alexander retained Edinburgh and Dunfermline, the chief residences of his parents, we find him more frequenly at Invergowrie, Perth, Scone, and Stirling. The exact date of the war with some northern clans, which probably gave him the name of The Fierce, cannot be fixed, but as he founded a church at Scone in commemoration of his victory in 1114 or 1115, it was probably shortly before that he was suddenly attacked at Invergowrie by the men of Moray and Mearns. He escaped, and collecting an army pursued and defeated them in their own country, either on the Spey or the Moray Firth. This was a continuation of the opposition of the pure Celts of the north to the introduction of English customs through the union of Saxon and Scottish blood in the persons of Margaret and her children. Canons regular of St. Augustine were brought by Alexander to his new foundation at Scone from St. Oswald's, near Pontefract, and the names of Gregory, bishop of Moray, and Cormac, bishop of Dunkeld, in a charter granting the right to hold a court to the prior and canons of Scone show that Alexander had laid the basis for the diocesan episcopate which David was to complete. The same foundation-charter proves by the names of Beth, Mallus, Madach, Rothri, Gartnach, and Dufagan, who are each designated comes, the transition from the Celtic mormaers to the earls—a step in the direction of normanising and feudalising the civil government, similar to that which had been taken with regard to the ecclesiastical government, by introducing diocesan bishoprics, with chapters of regulars, in place of the monastic Celtic establishments, chiefly Culdee. It is in this reign that we have the first recorded evidence of the existence of the offices of chancellor and constable, which were held respectively by Hubert, abbot of Kelso, and in David's reign bishop of Glasgow; and by William, a brother of Queen Sibylla; the office of sheriff (vice-comes) is also met with for the first time in Scotland within David's earldom, although not in Scotland proper. The origin of parishes is also marked by the foundation of Ednam in Roxburghshire by Thor the Long, who built the church on waste lands given him by king Edgar. To the same period are attributed the earliest known Scottish coins. In the year of the foundation of Scone, 1115, Alexander applied to Ralph, Anselm's successor, for a qualified person to fill the vacant see of St. Andrews, and from the fortunate circumstance of Eadmer, the friend and biographer of Anselm, having been selected, a fuller account has been preserved of this than of any other incident in the reign. With boldness of assertion Alexander informed the archbishop that in ancient times the bishop of St. Andrews had been consecrated by the pope or the archbishop of Canterbury, and this had only been broken by Lanfranc, who had yielded to the claim of York. Notwithstanding the opposition of Pope Calixtus II, who supported the pretensions of York, Ralph sent Eadmer, with the consent of Henry I, in 1120, that he might learn whether the king's request was consistent with the honour of God and of the see of Canterbury, advising that he should return as quickly as possible for consecration. Eadmer was accordingly elected, but the day after his election he found that Alexander would not consent to subject the church of St. Andrew to that of Canterbury, and possession of the lands of the see being given to a monk who had administered it during the vacancy, Eadmer was preparing to return when he was with difficulty persuaded to accept the ring of investiture from the king and to take the staff, the symbol of the pastoral office, from the altar as if from the hand of God. This compromise, like so many others between church and state in the great controversy as to investiture, broke down, and Eadmer, having surrendered the ring to Alexander and the staff to the altar, retired to Canterbury, as Alexander informed Archbishop Ralph, because he would not comply with the customs of the country, but, as he himself represented it, because he would not yield to the temporal power. Eadmer, two years afterwards, distracted by contradictory advisers—the pope directing him to go to York for consecration, the Archbishop of Canterbury to remain at Canterbury till Alexander yielded, one of his friends suggesting that he should go to Rome, and another that it was his duty to return to St. Andrews, as he had been duly elected bishop—seems to have yielded to the last advice and offered to submit, but Alexander, distrusting his submission, did not accept the offer. On Eadmer's death, in January 1124, Robert, the prior of Scone, was chosen bishop of St. Andrews, but before the difficulty as to his consecration could be settled Alexander himself died. The importance of this dispute to Scottish, as distinct from ecclesiastical history, is that it was a forerunner of the graver contests with regard to the independence of Scotland in the following centuries which were only decided by the ultimate issue of the war of independence and the long-deferred grant of the pall to St. Andrews in the reign of James III. Throughout Alexander showed himself, notwithstanding his English education and connections, and his evident desire to benefit his church by the superior learning of the English ecclesiastics, a determined vindicator of the national independence of Scotland. His wife Sibylla deceased before him in 1121, and he founded on an island in Loch Tay a church to her memory, as a cell of Scone. His gifts to Dunfermline, where he was buried, the erection of the chapel royal at Stirling and a monastery on Inchcolm in gratitude for an escape from shipwreck, and the restoration of the lands called the Boar's Chase (Cursus Apri), formerly granted by a Pictish king, Hungus, to the church of St. Andrew's, prove him to have been almost as great a benefactor of the church as his brother David. In connection with the last of these benefactions the regiser of St. Andrews and the poet Wyntoun describe a ceremony which, as illustrating the customs of the age and Alexander's liberality, may be given in the latter's words:—Before the lordys all the kyngGert them to the awtare bryngSys cumly sted off ArabySadelyd and brydelyd costlykly. Wyth hys armwys of TurkyThat princys than oysid ginerallyAnd chesyd maist for thare delyteWith scheld and speir of silver quhyt. With the regale and all the laveThat to the Kirk that time he gave. The gift of the Arab steed and Turkish arms suggests the question whether Alexander may not have gone with his uncle Edgar and Robert of Normandy on the first crusade, but there is no record that he did. His character is thus described by the Scottish historian, Fordun: A lettered and godly man, very humble and amiable towards the clerics and regulars, but terrible beyond measure to the rest of his subjects; a man of large heart, exerting himself in all things beyond his strength. He was most zealous in building churches, in searching for relics of saints, in providing and arranging priestly vestments and sacred books; most open-handed, even beyond his means, to all newcomers, and so devoted to the poor that he seemed to delight in nothing so much as in supporting them. He died on 27 April 1124, leaving no children, and was succeeded by his brother David. Sources: Liber de Scone, Bannatyne Club Eadmer, Historia Novorum National MSS. of Scotland Fordun's Scotichronicon Wyntoun's Chronycle William of Malmesbury Simeon of Durham. Modern authorities?Robertson, Scotland under her early Kings W. F. Skene, Celtic Scotland Freeman, Norman Conquest and Reign of William Rufus. In Stubbs and Haddan's edition of the Concilia, ii. part i., the most important original documents of Alexander's reign are printed, pp. 169-209. Contributor: Æ. M. [Aeneas James George Mackay] Published: 1885	Family: F275
5	also known as John Lawmond	Family: F147
6	also known as William Montfichet. He lived in Cargill, Scotland.	Family: F157
7	Arnegundis (?)1 b. circa 510, d. circa 573, #7916 Arnegundis (?) and Ingundis (?) were sisters.1,2 She was born circa 510.3 She was the daughter of Baderic the Thuringian.3 She married Chlothacharius I, gracia Dei Francorum rex, son of Chlodoveus I, rex Francorum, vir inluster and Chrotechildis des Burgondes, circa 536; His 5th.4,1,5,6 She died in 570.5 She died circa 573.3 Child of Arnegundis (?) and Chlothacharius I, gracia Dei Francorum rex: Chilpericus I, rex Francorum, vir inluster+ b. 537, d. bt Sep 584 - Oct 584 1. [S231] Ian Wood, The Merovingian Kings : 450-751 (New York, New York: Longman Publishing, 1994), Prosopography, pg. 350-363. Hereinafter cited as The Merovingian Kings. 2. [S176] Christian Settipani & Patrick van Kerrebrouck, La Prehistoire des Capetiens 481-987, Premiere partie: Merovingians, Carolingians et Robertiens (Villeneuve d'Ascq: Editions Christian, 1993), pg. 70. Hereinafter cited as Capetiens 481-987. 3. [S175] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêtres de Charlemagne (France: Éditions Christian, 1989). Hereinafter cited as AdC. 4. [S204] Roderick W. Stuart, Royalty for Commoners: The Complete Lineage of John of Gaunt, Son of Edward III, Kings of England, and Queen Philippa (.: ., 3rd Ed., 1998), 303-50. Hereinafter cited as RfC. 5. [S467] Généalogie des rois de France, online http://jeanjacques.villemag.free.fr/. Hereinafter cited as GdRdF. 6. [S176] Christian Settipani & Patrick van Kerrebrouck, Capetiens 481-987, pg. 71.	Family: F382
8	Burke. Burkes Landed Gentry. FHL 942D2buga 1939 V2.	Family: F47
9	by indenture, with both parties being underage	Family: F1690
10	Divorced because Sibylle had an affair with a neighbor while Godfrey was away fighting a war.	Family: F2723
11	Her marriage to Edward IV Plantagenet, King of England was annulled on 25 June 1483 by an Act of Parliament, known as the 'Titulus Regius', because of King Edward's alleged precontract to Eleanor Butler. The marriage was ultimately recognised as valid in October 1485 by the first Act of Parliament of King Henry VII.	Family: F106
12	Ingunda was Chlotar's concubine beginning about 517. He subsequently married her about 532.	Family: F376
13	Marriage number 1 for Adele.	Family: F4835
14	Marriage number 4 for Adele.	Family: F528
15	marriage settlement 10 January 1353	Family: F1293
16	Sir Archibald Campbell of Lochow1 (M) b. before 1339, d. before 1394, #22048 Pedigree Father Sir Colin Campbell of Lochow1 b. before 1312, d. before 2 May 1343 Mother Helena1 Last Edited 14 May 2005 Sir Archibald Campbell of Lochow was born before 1339. He was the son of Sir Colin Campbell of Lochow and Helena.1 He married, secondly, Mary Lamont, daughter of Sir John Lamont of that Ilk.1 He married, firstly, unknown Menteith, daughter of Sir John Menteith.1 He died before 1394.1 Sir Archibald Campbell of Lochow was also known as Gillespic.1 He gained the title of Lord of Lochow [feudal barony].1 On 2 May 1343 he was granted many forfeited lands by King David II.1 He lived in 1360 in Lockawe, Scotland.2 On 26 March 1371 he did homage to King Robert II.1 Family 1 unknown Menteith b. before 1346 Family 2 Child 1. Helen Campbell+ b. b 13553 Family 3 Mary Lamont b. before 1350 Children 1. Sir Colin Campbell of Lochow+ b. b 1366, d. bt 1412 - 1414 2. Duncan Campbell b. b 13941 Citations 1. [S8] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition, 2 volumes (Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 1999), volume 1, page 104. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition. 2. [S6] G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume I, page 327. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage. 3. [S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 217. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family.	Family: F160
17	Sir Robert le Brus, 1st Lord Brus1 (M) b. July 1243, d. before 4 April 1304, #107755 Pedigree Father Sir Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale2 b. 1210, d. 31 March 1295 Mother Isabella de Clare3 b. 2 November 1226, d. after 10 July 1264 Last Edited 8 Oct 2006 Consanguinity Index 0.4% Sir Robert le Brus, 1st Lord Brus was born in July 1243.4 He was the son of Sir Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale and Isabella de Clare.2,3 He married, firstly, Margaret, Countess of Carrick, daughter of Neil, 2nd Earl of Carrick and Margaret Stewart, in 1271 in Turnberry Castle, Turnberry, Ayrshire, Scotland, without Royal consent, and so she had to pay a heavy fine.5 He married, secondly, Alianore after 1292.4 He died before 4 April 1304.4 He was buried in Abbey of Holm Cultram.4 Sir Robert le Brus, 1st Lord Brus was also known as Robert Bruce. On 19 April 1267 he swore fealty to the King and Prince Edward.6 As a result of his marriage, Sir Robert le Brus, 1st Lord Brus was styled as Earl of Carrick in 1271, jure uxoris.4 He resigned as Earl of Carrick, in favour of his son on 27 October 1292.4 He held the office of Governor of Carlisle Castle in 1295.7 He succeeded to the title of Lord of Annandale before 4 July 1295.4 He fought in the Battle of Dunbar on 28 April 1296, with King Edward I.7 He was created 1st Lord Brus [England by writ] on 15 March 1297.1 He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.8 Family 1 Margaret, Countess of Carrick b. before 1250, d. before 9 November 1292 Children 1. Neil Bruce d. c Sep 1306 2. Lady Christina Bruce+ d. 1356/579 3. Robert I Bruce, King of Scotland+ b. 11 Jul 1274, d. 7 Jun 1329 4. Isabella Bruce+ b. c 1275, d. 13587 5. Sir Edward de Bruce, 1st Earl and last of Carrick+ b. b 1292, d. 14 Oct 1318 6. Sir Thomas Bruce b. b 1292, d. 9 Feb 1307 7. Alexander Bruce b. b 1292, d. 9 Feb 1307 8. Lady Mary Bruce+ b. b 1292, d. b 22 Sep 13239 9. Margaret Bruce+ b. b 12929 10. Matilda Bruce+ b. b 1292, d. bt 1323 - 13299 Family 2 Alianore d. between 13 April 1330 and 8 September 1330 Citations 1. [S6] G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume II, page 360. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage. 2. [S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 193. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Family. 3. [S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume II, page 359. 4. [S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family, page 206. 5. [S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume III, page 55. 6. [S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume II, page 358. 7. [S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume III, page 56. 8. [S77] Leslie Stephen, editor, Dictionary of National Biography (London, U.K.: Smith, Elder & Company, 1908), volume III, page 116-7. Hereinafter cited as Dictionary of National Biography. 9. [S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family, page 208.	Family: F214
18	Tadc was also known as Teigh Pluingcead	Family: F263
19	WIKIPEDIA: Hostivít was a legendary prince of Bohemia in the 9th century. According to tradition, he was the father of the non-legendary Borivoj I, Duke of Bohemia. The first Bohemian chronicler, Kosmas, did not write much about his reign. One of the few things that is known is that when Ludmilla was born, Hostivít and Ludmilla's father, Slavibor, contracted that Borivoj and Ludmilla would get married.	Family: F555
20	WIKIPEDIA: Lugaid Riab nDerg (Riabhdhearg, Réoderg, Sriab nDearg, "Red Stripes") was a legendary High King of Ireland. He was the foster-son of Cúchulainn. He was a son of the three Findemna (fair triplets), sons of Eochaid Feidlech. The triplets went to war with their father to try and take the High Kingship. The night before the battle their sister Clothra tried to persuade them to call it off, but to no avail. They had no heirs, so she took all three to bed for fear they would die without issue, and Lugaid was conceived. Some texts say his epithet comes from the red stripes that divided his body into three, indicating that he had three fathers. Others, more prosaically, explain his stripes as battle scars. Incest features further in Lugaid's story. He slept with Clothra himself, conceiving Crimthann Nia Náir. His foster-father, Cúchulainn, split the Lia Fáil, the coronation stone at Tara which roared when the rightful king stood or sat on it, with his sword when it failed to roar under Lugaid. It never roared again except under Conn of the Hundred Battles. Lugaid married Derbforgaill, a princess from Scandinavia. She had come to Ireland in the form of a swan to seek out Cúchulainn, whom she loved, but Cúchulainn shot her down with a stone from his sling which penetrated her womb, and in sucking it out he violated a taboo which meant he could not marry her himself. Instead, he gave her to Lugaid. One winter the women of Ulster held a competition in which they tried to send their urine furthest into a pillar of snow, saying that the winner would be the most sexually attractive. Derbforgaill won, and out of jealousy the other women beat and mutilated her. When Lugaid arrived home he noticed that the snow on the roof of her house had not melted, and realised she was close to death. He arrived in time to see her die, and died of grief himself. See Lugaid for other figures of the same name, and Lug for the god the name derives from. Preceded by Conaire Mor High King of Ireland AFM 33-9 BC or FFE 33-13 BC Succeeded by Conchobar Abradruad	Family: F681
21	WIKIPEDIA: Neklan was a mythic Bohemian prince from 9th century. Was very peaceful, never war against his enemies (Neklan mean "Never tilt" in Czech). Once Lucko's land (Meadows) prince, Vlastislav (Homeland's glory) war with him and besieged Neklan's castle, Levy Hradec(Left Stronghold). Neklan didn't want war in his country, and wanted make peace with Vlastislav. However, his guide, viking-warrior, Tyr, persuaded him, to borrow him his plate. So Tyr went to war in place of Neklan, like Patroklos once in place of Achilles. Altought Tyr died, Bohamians won a war and Vlastislav was murdered. Then Neklan ruled for many years Czech land happily, and when died, his son Hostivit (hail guests) assume reins of government. See also • Hostivit, Neklan's son	Family: F557
22	Wikipedia: Ane, On, One, Auchun or Aun the Old (Audhun, the same name as the A-S name Edwin) was the son of Jorund and one of the Swedish kings of the House of Yngling, the ancestors of Norway's first king, Harald Fairhair. Aun was a wise king who sacrificed greatly to the gods, but he was not a warlike king and preferred to live in peace. Consequently, he was attacked by the Danish prince Halfdan (the son of Fró?i, the son of Dan the Arrogant, the founder of Denmark). Aun lost the battles and fled to the Geats in Västergötland, where he stayed for 25 years until Halfdan died in his bed in Uppsala and was buried in a mound. King Aun could return to Uppsala, but he was 60 years old. In order to live longer he sacrificed his own son to Odin who promised him that he could live for another 60 years. However, after 25 years, Aun was attacked by Halfdan's cousin Ale the Strong. Aun lost several battles and had to flee a second time to Västergötland. Ale the Strong ruled in Uppsala for 25 years until he was killed by Starkad the old. After Ale the Strong's death, Aun could return to Uppsala. Once again, Aun sacrificed a son to Odin, but this time Odin said that he would live as long as he sacrificed a son every ten years and that he had to name one of the Swedish provinces after the number of sons he sacrificed. When Aun had sacrificed a son for the seventh time, he was so old that he could not walk but had to be carried on a chair. When he had sacrificed a son for the eighth time, he could no longer get out of his bed. When he had sacrificed his ninth son, he was so old that he had to feed by suckling a horn like a little child. After ten years he wanted to sacrifice his tenth and last son and name the province of Uppsala the ten lands. However, the Swedes refused to allow him this sacrifice and so he died. He was buried in a mound at Uppsala and succeeded by his last son Egil. From that day, dying in bed of old age was called Aun's sickness among the Scandinavians. In Upsal's town the cruel king Slaughtered his sons at Odin's shrine -- Slaughtered his sons with cruel knife, To get from Odin length of life. He lived until he had to turn His toothless mouth to the deer's horn; And he who shed his children's blood Sucked through the ox's horn his food. At length fell Death has tracked him down, Slowly, but sure, in Upsal's town.[3][4] The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation (continuing after Jorund): Iste genuit Auchun, qui longo vetustatis senio IX annis ante obitum suum densæ usum alimoniæ postponens lac tantum de cornu ut infans suxisse fertur. Auchun vero genuit Eigil cognomento Vendilcraco [...][5] The even earlier source Íslendingabók also cites the line of descent in Ynglingatal and it also gives Aun as the successor of Jörundr and the predecessor of Egil Vendelcrow: xv Jörundr. xvi Aun inn gamli. xvii Egill Vendilkráka[6]. Notes 1. ^ Ynglinga saga at Norrøne Tekster og Kvad 2. ^ A second online presentation of Ynglingatal 3. ^ Laing's translation at the Internet Sacred Text Archive 4. ^ Laing's translation at Northvegr 5. ^ Storm, Gustav (editor) (1880). Monumenta historica Norwegiæ: Latinske kildeskrifter til Norges historie i middelalderen, Monumenta Historica Norwegiae (Kristiania: Brøgger), p. 100. 6. ^ Gu?ni Jónsson's edition of Íslendingabók Primary sources • Ynglingatal • Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla) • Historia Norwegiae Secondary sources Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925. House of Yngling Preceded by Jorund Mythological king of Sweden First reign Succeeded by Halfdan Preceded by Halfdan Mythological king of Sweden Second reign Succeeded by Ale the Strong Preceded by Ale the Strong Mythological king of Sweden Third reign Succeeded byEgil Ongen?eow	Family: F484
23	WIKIPEDIA: Athanagild Athanagild (d. 567) was a king of Visigothic Hispania (today, Spain and Portugal). With the help of a Roman force, including a fleet to watch the coasts, sent from Gaul in 551 by the emperor of the eastern Roman empire, Justinian, Athanagild defeated and killed his predecessor, King Agila, near Seville in 554. Athanagild then became king. But the ports and coastal fortifications taken in the name of Athanagild weren't swiftly turned over by his Byzantine allies. Athanagild was able to recover a few cities but was forced to cede a large portion of Hispania Baetica (Andalusia) to a Byzantine governor of high standing but advanced years named Liberius. Liberius set about enlarging the gift. Athanagild then endeavoured to drive his Roman allies out of Iberia but was unsuccessful. He had invited the establishment of a Byzantine enclave in the south that would last for a further seventy years. It seems clear that the Roman population of Baetica was solidly behind this orthodox patrician Roman governor. There are few details about this far western extension of Byzantine power, which is overlooked by Justinian's historians Procopius and Agathius. It straddled the Straits of Gades and included major cities: New Carthage (Cartagena), Corduba (Córdoba), and Assionia. Although throughout his rule he had to fight the Byzantines, the Franks, and the Suevi, and was harassed in the Pyrenees by the Basques, Athanagild strengthened his kingdom internally by conciliating the Catholics, whom his Arian predecessors had oppressed. When the king of the Suevi declared for Catholic Christianity about 560, Athanagild and the Visigothic nobility found themselves isolated in their Arianism. Athanagild's court at the city he founded, Toledo, was famed for its splendor. His queen was Goiswintha, who gave him two daughters: Brunhilda and the tragically murdered Galswintha, who married the Frankish brother-kings Sigebert of Austrasia and Chilperic, king of the Neustrian Franks, who set aside his first wife in favor of Galswintha, then had her strangled. Athanagild died peacefully in his bed, a fact his chronicler didn't overlook, and was succeeded by his brothers Liuva I and the powerful restorer of Visigothic unity, Liuvigild, last of the Arian Visigoths. External link • J.B.Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire,, 1923, ch. XIX	Family: F380
24	WIKIPEDIA: Descendants of Nór Sons of Nór According to B, Nór's sons by Hödd were Thránd (?rándr) and Gard (Gar?r). B later brings in another son of Nór named Raum (Raumr). Presumably either Raum had another mother than Hödd or Raum's name has accidentally dropped out from the earlier listing of Hödd's sons. Thránd Thránd ruled Trondheim (?rándheimr) which was named after him and refers approximately to present day county of Sør-Trøndelag and the southern parts of Nord-Trøndelag, rather than to the city now called Trondheim. Eireks saga ví?förla ('The Saga of Eirek the Traveller') also brings in Thrand as the first king to regin of Trondheim. Thrand's ancestry is not given here, but he is the father of Eirek the Traveller (Eirekr inn ví?f?rli) the hero of the saga. Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar ('Saga of Halfdan Eystein's son') states instead that Trondheim was named from King Thránd, the father of Eirek the Traveller, but also states that Thrand was son of King Sæming of Hálogaland, son of Odin, and that Thránd's mother and Sæming's wife was Nauma after whom Naumu Dale was named. For more on Sæming see Sons of Odin. Thrand's wife is here said to be Dagmær sister of Svanhvít the wife of Hrómund Grip's son, the protagonist of Hrómundar saga Gripssonar. The saga says that Eystein, son of Thrand and Dagmær, married Ása, a daughter of Sigurd Hart (the maternal grandfather of Harald Fairhair), and she bore him Halfdan, the hero of the saga. This places Thrand just three generations back from Harald Fairhair. But this saga seems to be a late and untraditional creation, dating only to the early 14th century. Gard Gard son of Nór was also called Gard Agdi (Gar?r Ag?i), apparently as ruler of Agdir (Ag?ir): the modern counties of Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder. Gard Agdi's descendants ruled the southwestern regions of Norway. See Gard Agdi for details. Raum the Old Raum inherited south-eastern Norway and also the northwestern valley of the Rauma river to the western sea which waters the region called Raums Dale (modern Romsdal). Raum in this account also ruled the land of Álfheim to the south. See Raum the Old for further details on Raum and his descendants.	Family: F515
25	WIKIPEDIA: Gilbert de Striguil (Chepstow), 3rd Earl of Pembroke 1173-1185 Inherited title from father but died as a minor. The title then went to his sister's husband on marriage.	Family: F256
26	WIKIPEDIA: Thomas of Mar is the tenth known Mormaer of Mar (1332-1374). He was a son of Domhnall II of Mar. Thomas became earl of Mar whilst still a child living in the Kingdom of England, and it took several years for Thomas to return to the Kingdom of Scotland and take charge of his inheritance. He had a fairly successful career in Scottish politics, becoming Great Chamberlain of Scotland, and several times acting as an ambassador to England. He married twice, firstly to , Margaret Graham of Menteith, and secondly to Margaret Stewart, Countess of Angus. He was succeeded by his sister Margaret, who was married to William Douglas. He died childless in 1374, bringing his line and the ancient Gaelic earldom of Mar through the male line to an end. The earldom passed into the Douglas empire. External links • A Genealogy Page • Dated Link from Electric Scotland	Family: F643
27	WIKIPEDIA: Ynglinga saga The Ynglinga saga was written c. 1225 by Snorri Sturluson and he used Skjöldunga saga as a source when he told the story of A?ils[25]. Snorri relates that A?ils succeeded his father Óttar (Ohthere) and betook himself to pillage the Saxons, whose king was Geir?jófr and queen Alof the Great. The king and consort were not at home, and so A?ils and his men plundered their residence at ease driving cattle and captives down to the ships. One of the captives was a remarkably beautiful girl named Yrsa, and Snorri writes that everyone was soon impressed with the well-mannered, pretty and intelligent girl. Most impressed was A?ils who made her his queen. Some years later, Helgi (Halga), who ruled in Lejre, attacked Sweden and captured Yrsa. As he did not know that Yrsa was his own daughter, he raped her, and took her back to Lejre, where she bore him the son Hrólfr kraki. When the boy was three years of age, Yrsa's mother, queen Alof of Saxony, came to visit her and told her that her husband Helgi was her own father. Horrified, Yrsa returned to A?ils, leaving her son behind, and stayed in Sweden for the rest of her life. When Hrólfr was eight years old, Helgi died during a war expedition and Hrólf was proclaimed king.	Family: F472
28	WIKIPEDIA: Wigeric of Lotharingia Wigeric or Wideric (French: Wigéric or Wéderic) (died before 923) was the count of the Bidgau (pagus Bedensis) and held the rights of a count within the city of Trier. He received also the advocacy of the abbey of Saint Rumbold's at Malines from Charles III of France. From 915 or 916 he was the count palatine of Lotharingia. At the death of Louis the Child, the Lotharingians rejected the suzerainty of Conrad I and elected Charles of France as their king. At the time, the military authority in Lotharingia was assigned to Count Reginar I of Hainaut (d. 915), but at his death it fell to Wigeric, who became count palatine, exercising as such the military authority in Lotharingia. Wigeric founded the monastery of Hastière, of which he also assumed the advocacy. He married Cunigunda, daughter of Ermentrude and granddaughter of Louis II of France. Their children were: • Frederick (d.978), count of Bar, the duke of Upper Lorraine from 959 • Adalberon (d.962), bishop of Metz • Gilbert (d.964), count in the Ardennes • Sigebert (fl.c.942) • Gozlin (d.942), count of Bidgau, married Uda of Metz, father of: • Godfrey the Prisoner • Adalberon, Archbishop of Reims • Siegfried, count of Luxembourg Some genealogies record two other children, Henry and Liutgard, who were in fact son and daughter of another Wigeric, son of Roric, a contemporary living in the shire of Bidgau-Trier. Primary sources • He is first attested in 899 as count Widiacus in a charter of King Zwentibold in Trier [1]. • A Wigericus, with comital rights in Trier, appears in a diploma of Louis IV dated 19 September 902: MGH Diplomata. • He is usually identified with Widricus, count of the Bidgau, of a charter of Saint-Maximin dated 1 January 909 [2]. • He appears in a diploma of Charles III (between 911-915) as Windricus and his son Adalberon and he received the fiefs and the advocacy of the abbeys of Saint Rumbolds at Malines and Hastière. The margrave of Neustria, Robert, and Reginar, margrave in Lotharingia, gave their consent. • He appears for the first time with the title count palatine in a diploma of Charles as well, this time as Widricus, dated 19 January 916 at Herstal [3].	Wigeric of Aachen
29	WWW.GENEAJOURNEY.COM: Wigeric of Luxembourg, Count of the Bidgau, b abt 885, d 919. He md Cunegonde abt 905, daughter of Unknown and Ermentrude of France. Children of Wigeric of Luxembourg and Cunegonde were: • Frederick I of Lorraine, Duke of Lorraine, b abt 909. • Gozelon of Lower Lorraine, Count of the Bidgau, b abt 912. • Son of Wigeric b abt 915.	Wigeric of Aachen
30	Eoghin/Hugh; hereditary Abbot of Aberneth, on the River Tay. [Burke's Peerage] ---------- Eoghin (or Hugh) was Hereditary Abbot of the Pictish Abbacy of Abernethy on Tay at the time of the 1172 Charter which ‘feudalised’ (i.e. under the Crown) the Abbacy. [www.clanpitcairn.com]	Abbot Eoghin de Abernethy
31	Children 1. Hugh de Abernethy , of that Ilk b: ABT 1230 in Abernethy, Fifeshire, Scotland 2. William Abernethy , 1st Laird of Saltoun b: ABT 1232 in Abernethy, Fifeshire, Scotland	Abbot Laurence de Abernethy
32	Laurence de Abernethy; last hereditary Abbot of Abernethy, from whom the ecclesiastical functions were transferred to the Abbey of Arbroath; married Devorgulle. [Burke's Peerage]	Abbot Laurence de Abernethy
33	Orm; had 1172/3 a charter feudalising the abbacy. [Burke's Peerage]	Abbot Orm de Abernethy
34	Hugh Abernethy of the Ilk [elder brother Patrick died by 1254]; married by 5 April 1281, as her 3rd husband Mary (married 4th by 10 April 1299, as his 2nd wife William FitzWarin and died by 10 Oct 1301), daughter of Ewen of Argyll and widow of (a) Magnus, King of the Isles of Man (died 1265) and (b) Malise, 5th Earl of Strathearn (died by 23 Nov 1271), and died soon after 1291. [Burke's Peerage]	Hugh de Abernethy, of that Ilk
35	Margaret, Lady of Abernethy (living 1370), elder daughter and coheir of Alexander Abernethy of that Ilk. [Burke's Peerage] --------------- He [John Stewart] m. by Papal dispensation dated 24 Oct 1328 (being within the fourth degree of consanguinity), Margaret, 1st daughter of Sir Alexander Abernathy. He d. 9 Dec 1331. His widow was living 1370. [Complete Peerage I:153]	Margaret de Abernethy
36	THE PEERAGE.COM Maria Abernethy is the daughter of Sir Alexander Abernethy of that Ilk. She married, firstly, Andrew de Leslie of Leslie in 1313.1 She married, secondly, Sir David de Lindsay of Crawford, son of Sir Alexander de Lindsay, circa 1325.1 Family 1 Andrew de Leslie of Leslie d. before 1324 Child 1. Sir Walter Leslie, Earl of Ross+ d. 27 Feb 1381/822 Family 2 Sir David de Lindsay of Crawford b. 1314, d. 1355 Children 1. Sir James de Lindsay of Crawford+ d. 13571 2. unknown daughter de Lindsay+ 1 3. Sir Alexander de Lindsay+ b. b 1345, d. Oct 13811 4. Sir William de Lindsay of the Byres+ b. b 1350, d. 1366 5. David Lindsay b. b 13553 --------------------------- FROM Charles Abernathy: 07/03/1999 http://genforum.genealogy.com/abernethy/messages/26.html I have seen the marriage documents for Mary Abernethy and David Leslie dated 1320. It was in the archives of the Hunterian collection in Glasgow. Awesome collection . The document stated that they remained married for 6 months and a day and she mysteriously died shortly after. She was therefore, as the last Head of the clan, deprived of the Abernethy lands and title which went to her husband David Leslie. At the time, the Picti tradition of matriarchy was followed. (You ALWAYS know who your mother is) Thus, when she remained married to David for more than six months, she lost her birthright to him. Strictly speaking, it was legal but, there was probably some foul play involved, as was usually the case under such circumstances. This is also why we are a sept clan of the Leslies and no longer have a tartan, it was decided that the family identity was troublesome to the Clan Leslie so it was eliminated.	Mary de Abernethy
37	Alexander Abernethy of that Ilk; died between 1315 and 1317. [Burke's Peerage]	Sir Alexander de Abernethy, of that Ilk
38	Children 1. Israel JACOB S ISAAC b: 1862 B.C. in Haran, Padan-Aram 2. Esau EDOM BEN ISAAC b: Abt 1700 B.C.	Isaac Ibn Abraham
39	AKA Edna Children 1. Abraham ABRAM BEN TERAH b: 2051 B.C. in 3335 Am Ur Of The Chaldeans(Persian Gulf) 2. Nahor BEN TERAH b: Abt 1985 B.C. in Ur, Land of the Chaldeans 3. HARAN BEN TERAH b: Abt 2052 B.C.	Amtheta Bint Abram
40	Children 1. Heinrich von Lechsgemünd 2. ADELAIDE OF FRANTENHOUSEN 3. Otto von Horburg 4. Kuno von Horburg 5. Burkhart of Utrecht 6. Berthold von Burgeck	Mathilda of Achalm
41	Children 1. MATHILDA OF ACHALM 2. Kuno of Achalm 3. Liutold of Achalm 4. Egino of Achalm 5. Rudolf of Achalm 6. Hunfried of Achalm 7. Berenger of Achalm 8. Werner of Achalm 9. Goteschalk of Achalm 10. Williberg of Achalm 11. Beatrix of Achalm	Rudolf of Achalm
42	Children 1. Alianore De WIDDRINGTON b: ABT 1335 in Of, Widdrington, Northumberland, England 2. John De WIDDRINGTON b: ABT 1336 in Of, Widdrington, Northumberland, England 3. Christiana De WIDDRINGTON b: ABT 1334 in Of, Widdrington, Northumberland, England 4. Barbara WIDDRINGTON b: ABT 1338 in Of, Widdrington, Northumberland, England 5. Edmund WIDDRINGTON b: ABT 1335 in Of, Widdrington, Northumberland, England	Elizabeth de Acton
43	Children 1. Alianore De WIDDRINGTON b: ABT 1335 in Of, Widdrington, Northumberland, England 2. John De WIDDRINGTON b: ABT 1336 in Of, Widdrington, Northumberland, England 3. Christiana De WIDDRINGTON b: ABT 1334 in Of, Widdrington, Northumberland, England 4. Barbara WIDDRINGTON b: ABT 1338 in Of, Widdrington, Northumberland, England 5. Edmund WIDDRINGTON b: ABT 1335 in Of, Widdrington, Northumberland, England	Richard de Acton
44	Children 1. Roger de Acton b: 1273 in Acton, Shropshire, England 2. Ralph de Acton b: 1275 in Acton, Cheshire, England 3. John d' Acton , Sir b: ABT 1276 in Iron Acton, Chipping Sodbury, Gloucestershire, England	Walter de Acton
45	FROM FMG: [LANDRY [II] (-922 or after). The Historia Nivernensium Comitum names "Hildegarius episcopus Heduensis" and "nepotem…Landricum"[828]. He acquired the castle of Metz-le-Comte from the Duke of Burgundy in [880] after distinguishing himself during its siege[829]. "Landricus" made a donation by charter dated 11 Sep 910[830]. 918/22. m firstly ADA ---. "Ada coniuge Landricus" consented to the charter of "Landricus" dated 11 Sep 910 [830]. m secondly EMMA ---. "Landrici patris mei, Emme matris mei" are named in the charter of Adalgardis dated 950[831]. The Historia Nivernensium Comitum records that "Hildegarii nepoti Landrico" married "uxore stirpis Andegavorum"[832], although it is not known whether this was his first or second wife.] Landry [II] & his [first/second] wife had two children: i LANDRY [III] ii BODO (-after Nov 950). Landry [II] & his second wife had one child: iii ADALGARDIS [Adela] (-after 950). SOURCES: [828] Origine et Historia Brevi Nivernensium Comitum, RCGF 10, p. 258. [829] ES III 716, and Bouchard, p. 341. [830] Cluny I.112, p. 124. [831] Cluny I.794, p. 745. [832] Origine et Historia Brevi Nivernensium Comitum, RCGF 10, p. 258.	Ada
46	FROM MORHAM OF SCOTLAND: John Malherbe, Lord of Morham, was likely born about 1180-1185. He would have married his wife Ada by 1210, as his two known sons, John de Morham and Adam de Morham, are certainly born in the period 1210 to 1220. The final charter of John Malherbe, Lord of Morham, is one in which he grants the rights of the meadow of Whitewellstrother to Neubotle Abbey. Stated to have been done during his enfeeblement, this charter gives a time frame as to his approximate date of death. His wife Ada seems to have married William Colville of Kinnaird as her second husband by 1228, which would make the death of John Malherbe and the date of his final charter circa 1226. The first Neubotle charter of Ada was made shortly after she had married William Colville as her second husband. In the charter (#99), Ada with her stated son John de Morham jointly confirm earlier grants of the deceased John Malherbe. Ada gives her spouse as William Colville in the text of the charter. Ada's eldest son John de Morham would appear to be in his minority at the time of this grant circa 1228-1230. John de Morham was making his own charters to Neubotle and Arbroath Abbeys by the mid-1230's. In two of the Neubotle charters he states that he was the son of John Malherbe and was married to the daughter of Malcolm Loccard. John de Morham, the eldest son of John Malherbe and Ada, died sans progeny by 1241. Adam de Morham, his younger brother, becomes his heir and the Lord of Morham after his death. The final charters of Ada occur in 1242/3 in which she is addressed as Ada de Colville. She has now become the widow of William de Colville and grants Kinnaird to Neubotle Abbey. A supplement to this charter was giving tenentcy of Kinnaird to the Loccard family of her former daughter-in-law. Adam de Morham confirms these grants in 1246, in which he states Ada was his mother. It is probable that Ada had died near the year 1245. Adam de Morham refers to his mother Ada as a high-born lady in the 1246 charter. She was likely born of one of the major Scottish families of the late 12th century, but no definitive evidence of her pedigree has been found to date. I might speculate that she could have been a Fraser considering the frequent appearance of Frasers as charter witnesses; but no real proof of her ancestry can be given. -------------- Other marriages: COLVILLE, William de Children: John de MORHAM 1 was born 1213 in Morham, East Lothian, Scotland. He died 1241 in Morham, East Lothian, Scotland. Sir Adam de MORHAM Knight was born 1215 and died after 4 Feb 1257. Ada de MORHAM 1 was born 1217 in Morham, East Lothian, Scotland.	Ada
47	Children 1. ROSTAING III OF SABRAN b: ABT 1094 2. William of Sabran	Adalaicia
48	AKA Guiditta. Children 1. ODDONE DELLA LIGURIA OCCIDENTALE 2. Anselmo 3. Ugo	Adalgia
49	Children 1. HILDEGAR DE LIMOGES b: ABT 864 2. Foucher I of Segur	Adaltrude
50	Irish Pedigrees or the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation By John O'Hart The descent of the Irish Celts from Adam 1. Adam 2. Seth 3. Enos 4. Cainan 5. Mahalaleel 6. Jared 7. Enoch 8. Methuselah 9. Lamech 10. Noah divided the world amongst his three sons, begotten of his wife Titea: viz., to Shem he gave Asia, within the Euphrates, to the Indian Ocean; to Ham he gave Syria, Arabia, and Africa; and to Japhet, the rest of Asia beyond the Euphrates, together with Europe to Gadea (or Cadiz). 11. Japhet was the eldest son of Noah. He had fifteen sons, amongst whom he divided Europe and the part of Asia which his father had allotted to him. 12. Magog: From whom descended the Parthians, Bactrians, Amazons, etc.; Parthalon, the first planter of Ireland, about three hundred years after the Flood; and also the rest of the colonies that planted there, viz., the Nemedians, who planted Ireland, Anno Mundi three thousand and forty-six, or three hundred and eighteen years after the birth of Abraham, and two thousand one hundred and fifty-three years before Christ. The Nemedians continued in Ireland for two hundred and seventeen years; within which time a colony of theirs went into the northern parts of Scotland, under the conduct of their leader Briottan Maol, from whom Britain takes its name, and not from "Brutus," as some persons believed. From Magog were also descended the Belgarian, Belgian, Firbolgian or Firvolgian colony that succeeded the Nemedians, Anno Mundi, three thousand two hundred and sixty-six, and who first erected Ireland into a Monarchy. [According to some writers, the Fomorians invaded Ireland next after the Nemedians.] This Belgarian of Firvolgian colony continued in Ireland for thirty-six years, under nine of their Kings; when they were supplanted by the Tuatha-de-Danann (which means, according to some authorities, "the people of the god Dan," whom they adored), who possessed Ireland for one hundred and ninety-seven years, during the reigns of nine of their kings; and who were then conquered by the Gaelic, Milesian, or Scotic Nation (the three names by which the Irish people were known), Anno Mundi three thousand five hundred. This Milesian or Scotic Irish Nation possessed and enjoyed the Kingdom of Ireland for two thousand eight hundred and eighty-five years, under one hundred and eighty-three Monarchs; until their submission to King Henry the Second of England, Anno Domini one thousand one hundred and eighty-six. 13. Boath, one of the sons of Magog; to whom Scythia came as his lot, upon the division of the Earth by Noah amongst his sons, and by Japhet of his part thereof amongst his sons. 14. Phoeniusa Farsaidh (or Fenius Farsa) was King of Scythia, at the time when Ninus ruled the Assyrian Empire; and, being a wise man and desirous to learn the languages that not long before confounded the builders of the Tower of Babel, employed able and learned men to go among the dispersed multitude to learn their several languages; who sometime after returning well skilled in what they went for, Phœniusa Farsaidh erected a school in the valley of Senaar, near the city of Æothena, in the forty-second year of the reign of Ninus; whereupon, having continued there with his younger son Niul for twenty years, he returned home to his kingdom, which, at his death, he left to the oldest son Nenuall; leaving to Niul no other patrimony than his learning and the benefit of the said school. 15. Niul, after his father returned to Scythia, continued some time at œothena, teaching the languages and other laudable sciences, until upon report of his great learning he was invited into Egypt by Pharaoh, the King; who gave him the land of Campus Cyrunt, near the Red Sea to inhabit, and his daughter Scota in marriage; from whom their posterity are ever since called Scots; but, according to some annalists, the name "Scots" is derived from the word Scythia. It was this Niul that employed Gaodhal [Gael], son of Ethor, a learned and skilful man, to compose or rather refine and adorn the language, called Bearla Tobbai, which was common to all Niul's posterity, and afterwards called Gaodhilg (or Gaelic), from the said Gaodhal who composed or refined it; and for his sake also Niul called his own eldest son "Gaodhal." 16. Gaodhal (or Gathelus), the son of Niul, and ancestor of Clan-na-Gael, that is, "the children or descendants of Gaodhal". In his youth this Gaodhal was stung in the neck by a serpent, and was immediately brought to Moses, who, laying his rod upon the wounded place, instantly cured him; whence followed the word "Glas" to be added to his named, as Gaodhal Glas (glas: Irish, green; Lat. glaucus; Gr. glaukos), on account of the green scar which the word signifies, and which, during his life, remained on his neck after the wound was healed. And Gaodhal obtained a further blessing, namely-that no venomous beast can live any time where his posterity should inhabit; which is verified in Creta or Candia, Gothia or Getulia, Ireland, etc. The Irish chroniclers affirm that from this time Gaodhal and his posterity did paint the figures of Beasts, Birds, etc., on their banners and shields, to distinguish their tribes and septs, in imitation of the Israelites; and that a "Thunderbolt" was the cognisance in their chief standard for many generations after this Gaodhal. 17. Asruth, after his father's death, continued in Egypt and governed his colony in peace during his life. 18. Sruth, soon after his father's death, was set upon by the Egyptians, on account of their former animosities towards their predecessors for having taken part with the Israelites against them; which animosities until then lay raked up in the embers, and now broke out in a flame to that degree, that after many battles and conflicts wherein most of his colony lost their live, Sruth was forced with the few remaining to depart the country; and, after many traverses at sea, arrived at the Island of Creta (now called Candia), where he paid his last tribute to nature. 19. Heber Scut (scut: Irish, a Scot), after his father's death and a year's stay in Creta, departed thence, leaving some of his people to inhabit the Island, where some of their posterity likely still remain; "because the Island breeds no venomous serpent ever since." He and his people soon after arrived in Scythia; where his cousins, the posterity of Nenuall (eldest son of Fenius Farsa, above mentioned), refusing to allot a place of habitation form him and his colony, they fought many battles wherein Heber (with the assistance of some of the natives who were ill-affected towards their king), being always victor, he at length forced the sovereignty from the other, and settled himself and his colony in Scythia, who continued there for four generations. (Hence the epithet Scut, "a Scot" or "a Scythian," was applied to this Heber, who was accordingly called Heber Scot.) Heber Scot was afterwards slain in battle by Noemus the former king's son. 20. Baouman; 21 Ogaman; and 22. Tait, were each kings of Scythia, but in constant war with the natives; so that after Tait's death his son, 23. Agnon and his followers betook themselves to sea, wandering and coasting upon the Caspian Sean for several (some say seven) years in which time he died. 24. Lamhfionn and his fleet remained at sea for some time, after his father's death, resting and refreshing themselves upon such islands as they met with. It was then the Cachear, their magician or Druid, foretold that there would be no end of their peregrinations and travel until they should arrive at the Western Island of Europe, now called Ireland, which was the place destined for their future and lasting abode and settlement; and that not they but their posterity after three hundred years should arrive there. After many traverses of fortune at sea, this little fleet with their leader arrived at last and landed at Gothia or Geulia-more recently called Lybia, where Carthage was afterwards built; and, soon after, Lamhfionn died there. 25. Heber Glunfionn was born in Gothia, where he died. His posterity continued there to the eighth generation; and were kings or chief rulers there for one hundred and fifty years-some say three hundred years. 26 Agnan Fionn; 27. Febric Glas; 28. Nenuall; 29. Nuadhad; 30. Alladh; 31. Arcadh; and 32. Deag: of these nothing remarkable is mentioned, but that they lived and died kings in Gothia or Getulia. 33. Brath was born in Gothia. Remembering the Druid's prediction, and his people having considerably multiplied during their abode in Geulia, he departed thence with a numerous fleet to seek out the country destined for their final settlement, by the prophecy of Cachear, the Druid above mentioned; and, after some time, he landed upon the coast of Spain, and by strong hand settled himself and his colony in Galicia, in the north of that country. 34. Breoghan (or Brigus) was king of Galicia, Andalusia, Murcia, Castile, and Portugal-all of which he conquered. He built Breoghan's Tower or Brigantia in Galicia, and the city of Brigantia or Braganza in Portugal-called after him; and the kingdom of Castile was then also called after him Brigia. It is considered that "Castile" itself was so called from the figure of a castle which Brigus bore for his Arms on his banner. Brigus sent a colony into Britain, who settled in that territory now known as the counties of York, Lancaster, Durham, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, and, after him were called Brigantes; whose posterity gave formidable opposition to the Romans, at the time of the Roman invasion of Britain. 35. Bilé; was king of those countries after his father's death; and his son Galamh [galav] or Milesius succeeded him. This Bilé had a brother named Ithe. 36. Milesius, in his youth and in his father's life-time, went into Scythia, where he was kindly received by the king of that country, who gave him his daughter in marriage, and appointed him General of his forces. In this capacity Milesius defeated the king's enemies, gained much fame, and the love of all the king's subjects. His growing greatness and popularity excited against him the jealousy of the king; who, fearing the worst, resolved on privately dispatching Milesius our of the way, for, openly, he dare not attempt it. Admonished of the king's intentions in his regard, Milesius slew him; and thereupon quitted Scythia and retired into Egypt with a fleet of sixty sail. Pharaoh Nectonibus, then king of Egypt, being informed of his arrival and of his great valour, wisdom, and conduct in arms, made him General of all his forces against the king of Ethiopia then invading his country. Here, as in Scythia, Milesius was victorious; he forced the enemy to submit to the conqueror's own terms of peace. By these exploits Milesius found great favour with Pharaoh, who gave him, being then a widower, his daughter Scota in marriage; and kept him eight years afterwards in Egypt. During the sojourn of Milesius in Egypt, he employed the most ingenious and able persons among his people to be instructed in the several trades, arts, and sciences used in Egypt; in order to have them taught to the rest of his people on his return to Spain. [The original name of Milesius of Spain was "Galamh" (gall: Irish, a stranger; amh, a negative affix), which means, no stranger: meaning that he was no stranger in Egypt, where he was called "Milethea Spaine," which was afterwards contracted to "Miló Spaine" (meaning the Spanish Hero), and finally to "Milesiius" (mileadh: Irish, a hero; Lat. miles, a soldier).] At length Milesius took leave of his father-in-law, and steered towards Spain; where he arrived to the great joy and comfort of his people; who were much harassed by the rebellion of the natives and by the intrusion of other foreign nations that forced in after his father's death, and during his own long absence from Spain. With these and those he often met; and, in fifty-four battles, victoriously fought, he routed, destroyed, and totally extirpated them out of the country, which he settled in peace and quietness. In his reign a great dearth and famine occurred in Spain, of twenty-six years' continuance, occasioned, as well by reason of the former troubles which hindered the people from cultivating, and manuring the ground, as for want of rain to moisten the earth - but Milesius superstitiously believed the famine to have fallen upon him and his people as a judgment and punishment from their gods, for their negligence in seeking out the country destined for their final abode, so long before foretold by Cachear their Druid or magician, as already mentioned - the time limited by the prophecy for the accomplishment thereof being now nearly, if not fully, expired. To expiate his fault and to comply with the will of his gods, Milesius, with the general approbation of his people, sent his uncle Ithe, with his son Lughaidh [Luy], and one hundred and fifty stout men to bring them an account of those western islands; who, accordingly, arriving at the island since then called Ireland, and landing in that part of it now called Munster, left his son with fifty of his men to guard the ship, and with the rest travelled about the island. Informed, among other things, that the three sons of Cearmad, called Mac-Cuill, MacCeacht, and MacGreine, did then and for thirty years before rule and govern the island, each for one year, in his turn; and that the country was called after the names of their three queens - Eire, Fodhla, and Banbha, respectively: one year called "Eire," the next "Fodhla," and the next "Banbha," as their husbands reigned in their regular turns; by which names the island is ever since indifferently called, but most commonly "Eire," because that MacCuill, the husband of Eire, ruled and governed the country in his turn the year that the Clan-na-Milé (or the sons of Milesius) arrived in and conquered Ireland. And being further informed that the three brothers were then at their palace at Aileach Neid, in the north part of the country, engaged in the settlement of some disputes concerning their family jewels, Ithe directed his course thither; sending orders to his son to sail about with his ship and the rest of his men, and meet him there. When Ithe arrived where the (Danann) brothers were, be was honourably received and entertained by them; and, finding him to be a mail of great wisdom. and knowledge, they referred their disputes to him for decision. That decision having met their entire satisfaction, Ithe exhorted them to mutual love, peace, and forbearance; adding much in praise of their delightful, pleasant, and fruitful country; and then took his leave, to return to his ship, and go back to Spain. No sooner was he gone than the brothers; began to reflect on the high commendations which Ithe gave of the Island; and, suspecting his design of bringing others to invade it, resolved to prevent them, and therefore pursued him with a strong party, overtook him, fought and routed his men and wounded himself to death (before his son or the rest of his men left on ship-board could come to his rescue) at a place called, from that fight and his name, Magh Ithe or "The plain of Ithe" (an extensive plain in the barony of Raphoe, county Donegal); whence his son, having found him in that condition, brought his dead and mangled body back into Spain, and there exposed it to public view, thereby to excite his friends and relations to avenge his murder. [Note: that all the invaders and planters of Ireland, namely, Parthalonians, Neimhedh, the Firbolgs, Tuatha-de-Danann, and Clan-na-Milé, where originally Scythians, of the line of Japbet, who had the language called Bearla-Tobbai or Gaoidhilg [Gaelic] common amongst them all; and consequently not to be wondered at, that Ithe and the Tuatha-de-Danann understood one another without an Interpreter - both speaking the same language, though perhaps with some difference in the accent]. The exposing of the dead body of Ithe had the desired effect; for, thereupon, Milesius made great preparations in order to invade Ireland - as well to avenge his uncle's death, as also in obedience to the will of his gods, signified by the prophecy of Cachear, aforesaid. But, before he could effect that object, he died, leaving the care, and charge of that expedition upon his eight legitimate sons by his two wives before mentioned. Milesius was a very valiant champion, a great warrior, and fortunate and prosperous in all his undertakings: witness his name of "Milesius," given him from the many battles (some say a thousand, which the word "Milé" signifies in Irish as well as in Latin) which he victoriously fought and won, as well in Spain, as in all the other countries and kingdoms be traversed in his younger days. The eight brothers were neither forgetful nor negligent in the execution of their father's command; but, soon after his death, with a numerous fleet well manned and equipped, set forth from Breoghan's Tower or Brigantia (now Corunna) in Galicia, in Spain, and sailed prosperously to the coasts of Ireland or lnis-Fail, where they met many difficulties and various chances before they could land: occasioned by the diabolical arts, sorceries, and enchantments used by the Tuatha-de-Danann, to obstruct their landing; for, by their magic art, they enchanted the island so as to appear to the Milesians or Clan-na-Milé in the form of a Hog, and no way to come at it (whence the island, among the many other names it had before, was called "Muc-Inis or "The Hog Island"); and withal raised so great a storm, that the Milesian fleet was thereby totally dispersed and many of them cast away, wherein five of the eight brothers, sons of Milesius, lost their lives. That part of the fleet commanded by Heber, Heremon, and Amergin (the three surviving, brothers), and Heber Donn, son of Ir (one of the brothers lost in the storm), overcame all opposition, landed safe, fought and routed the three Tuatha-de Danann Kings at Slieve-Mis, and thence pursued and overtook them at Tailten, where another bloody battle was fought; wherein the three (Tuatha-de-Danann) Kings and their Queens were slain, and their army utterly routed and destroyed: so that they could never after give any opposition to the Clan-na-Milé in their new conquest; who, having thus sufficiently avenged the death of their great uncle Ithe, gained the possession of the country foretold them by Cachear, some ages past, as already mentioned. Heber and Heremon, the chief leading men remaining of the eight brothers, sons of Milesius aforesaid, divided the kingdom between them (allotting a proportion of land to their brother Amergin, who was their Arch-priest, Druid, or magician; and to their nephew Heber Donn, and to the rest of their chief commanders), and became jointly the first of one hundred and eighty-three Kings or sole Monarchs of the Gaelic, Milesian, or Scottish Race, that ruled and governed Ireland, successively, for two thousand eight hundred and eighty-five years from the first year of their reign), Anno Mundi three thousand five hundred, to their submission to the Crown of England in the person of King Henry the Second; who, being also of the Milesian Race by Maude, his mother, was lineally descended from Fergus Mór MacEarca, first King of Scotland, who was descended from the said Heremon - so that the succession may be truly said to continue in the Milesian Blood from before Christ one thousand six hundred and ninety-nine years down to the present time. Heber and Heremon reigned jointly one year only, when, upon a difference between their ambitious wives, they quarrelled and fought a battle at Ardeath or Geshill (Geashill, near Tullamore in the King's County), where Heber was slain by Heremon; and, soon after, Amergin, who claimed an equal share in the government, was, in another battle fought between them, likewise slain by Heremon. Thus, Heremon became sole Monarch, and made a new division of the land amongst his comrades and friends, viz.: the south part, now called Munster, he gave to his brother Heber's four sons, Er, Orba, Feron, and Fergna; the north part, now Ulster, he gave to Ir's only son Heber Donn; the east part or Coigeadh, Galian, now called Leinster, be gave to Criomthann-sciath-bheil, one of his commanders; and the west part, now called Connaught, Heremon gave to Un-Mac-Oigge, another of his commanders; allotting a part of Munster to Lughaidh (the son of Ithe, the first Milesian discoverer of Ireland), amongst his brother Heber's sons. From these three brothers, Heber, Ir, and Heremon (Amergin dying without issue), are descended all the Milesian Irish of Ireland and Scotland, viz.: from Heber, the eldest brother, the provincial Kings of Munster (of whom thirty-eight were sole Monarchs of Ireland), and most of the nobility and gentry of Munster, and many noble families in Scotland, are descended. From Ir, the second brother, all the provincial Kings of Ulster (of whom twenty-six were sole Monarchs of Ireland), and all the ancient nobility and gentry of Ulster, and many noble families in Leinster, Munster, and Connaught, derive their pedigrees; and, in Scotland, the Clan-na-Rory - the descendants of an eminent man, named Ruadhri or Roderick, who was Monarch of Ireland for seventy years (viz., from Before Christ 288 to 218). From Heremon, the youngest of the three brothers, were descended one hundred and fourteen sole Monarchs of Ireland: the provincial Kings and Hermonian nobility and gentry of Leinster, Connaught, Meath, Orgiall, Tirowen, Tirconnell, and Clan-na-boy; the Kings of Dalriada; all the Kings of Scotland from Fergus Mór MacEarea, down to the Stuarts; and the Kings and Queens of England from Henry the Second down to tile present time. The issue of Ithe is not accounted among the Milesian Irish or Clan-na-Milé, as not being descended from Milesius, but from his uncle Ithe; of whose posterity there were also some Monarchs of Ireland (see Roll of the Irish Monarchs, infra), and many provincial or half provincial Kings of Munster: that country upon its first division being allocated to the sons of Heber and to Lughaidh, son of Ithe, whose posterity continued there accordingly. This invasion, conquest, or plantation of Ireland by the Milesian or Scottish Nation took place in the Year of the World three thousand Ova hundred, or the next year after Solomon began the foundation of the Temple of Jerusalem, and one thousand six hundred and ninety-nine years before the Nativity of our Saviour Jesus Christ; which, according to the Irish computation of Time, occurred Anno Mundi five thousand one hundred and ninety-nine: therein agreeing with the Septuagint, Roman Martyrologies, Eusebius, Orosius, and other ancient authors; which computation the ancient Irish chroniclers exactly observed in their Books of the Reigns of the Monarchs of Ireland, and other Antiquities of that Kingdom ; out of which the Roll of the Monarchs of Ireland, from the beginning of the Milesian Monarchy to their submission to King Henry the Second of England, a Prince of their own Blood, is exactly collected. [As the Milesian invasion of Ireland took place the next year after the laying of the foundation of the Temple of Jerusalem by Solomon, King of Israel, we may infer that Solomon was contemporary with Milesius of Spain; and that the Pharaoh King of Egypt, who (1 Kings iii. 1,) gave his daughter in marriage to Solomon, was the Pharaoh who conferred on Milesius of Spain the hand of another daughter Scota.] Milesius of Spain bore three Lions in his shield and standard, for the following reasons; namely, that, in his travels in his younger days into foreign countries, passing through Africa, he, by his cunning and valour, killed in one morning three Lions; and that, in memory of so noble and valiant an exploit, he always after bore three Lions on his shield, which his two surviving sons Heber and Heremon, and his grandson Heber Donn, son of Ir, after their conquest of Ireland, divided amongst them, as well as they did the country: each of them. bearing a Lion in his shield and banner, but of different colours; which the Chiefs of their posterity continue to this day: some with additions and differences; others plain and entire as they had it from their ancestors. The Celts of Ireland descend from three sons of Milesius, (37-1 Heremon, 37-2 Heber and 37-3 Ir) and from his uncle (35-1 Ithe)	Adam